The size of water mains is determined by normal consumption and which additional factor?

The size of water mains is primarily determined by normal consumption patterns, but fire protection plays a crucial role in ensuring that adequate water flow is available during emergencies. Fire protection requirements necessitate larger diameter pipes to accommodate the increased demand for water during fire incidents. This ensures that fire hydrants can provide sufficient water pressure and volume to combat fires effectively, thereby safeguarding lives and property.

While seasonal variations, pipe material, and community growth can influence the overall water supply system, they do not directly dictate the sizing of water mains to the same extent as fire protection needs. Fire protection standards are established by local codes and regulations that dictate the necessary flow rates and pressure levels required to meet safety requirements, making this a fundamental aspect of water main sizing.